Suchen bei Angebote. I am suffocated. Over the next seven weeks, some two hundred priests, nuns and monks were arrested, and twenty-six churches were closed to the public. After the National Guard took over key government and army sites in Paris in March 1871, the Commune began to take shape as members of a Central Committee organized a democratic election of councilors that would rule the city on behalf of the people. [9], Of the two million people in Paris in 1869, according to the official census, there were about 500,000 industrial workers, or fifteen per cent of all the industrial workers in France, plus another 300,000–400,000 workers in other enterprises. The decree declared the separation of church and state, confiscated the state funds allotted to the Church, seized the property of religious congregations, and ordered that Catholic schools cease religious education and become secular. [93] A partial amnesty was granted on 3 March 1879, allowing 400 of the 600 deportees sent to New Caledonia to return, and 2,000 of the 2,400 prisoners sentenced in their absence. According to the decree of the Commune, the works of art were to be donated to the Louvre (which refused them) and the furniture was to be sold, the money to be given to widows and orphans of the fighting. General Vinoy, the commander of the Paris Military District, had ordered any prisoners who were deserters from the Army to be shot. Ferré was sentenced to death, and Courbet was sentenced to six months in prison, and later ordered to pay the cost of rebuilding the column. The Assembly also refused to prolong the moratorium on debt collections imposed during the war; and suspended two radical newspapers, Le Cri du Peuple of Jules Valles and Le Mot d'Ordre of Henri Rochefort, which further inflamed Parisian radical opinion. Its editor Auguste Vacquerie was close to Victor Hugo, whose son wrote for the paper. In the presence of two battalions of the National Guard and the leaders of the Commune, a band played "La Marseillaise" and the "Chant du Départ". The first was that the Communards "stopped half way ... led astray by dreams of ... establishing a higher [capitalist] justice in the country ... such institutions as the banks, for example, were not taken over". A former clerk of a notary, accountant in a bank and employee of the city's bridges and roads department, Jourde maintained the Commune's accounts with prudence. English: The term "Paris Commune" originally referred to the government of Paris during the French Revolution. Members of the Commune and the National Guard fought back, but by the 28th of May, the army had defeated the National Guard and the Commune was no more. General Lecomte tried to withdraw, and then ordered his soldiers to load their weapons and fix bayonets. They were buried in mass graves in parks and squares. Revolutionaries had gone into the streets to oppose their governments during the popular uprisings of July 1830 and June 1848, and on many other occasions. The Paris Commune sent delegates to the large cities to encourage them. One can see in the motives and actions of the Communards the class consciousness that Marx believed was necessary for a revolution of workers to take place. "[55], From the beginning, the Commune had a hostile relationship with the Catholic Church. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/paris-commune-4147849. The atmosphere was tense, and in the middle of the afternoon, gunfire broke out between the two sides; each side blamed the other for firing first. The first vote of the new Central Committee was to refuse to recognise the authority of General D'Aurelle de Paladines, the official commander of the National Guard appointed by Thiers, or of General Vinoy, the Military Governor of Paris. The abandonment of the fort led the Commune to dismiss Rossel, and replace him with Delescluze, a fervent Communard but a journalist with no military experience.[67]. Believing that their struggle against patriarchy[citation needed] could only be pursued through a global struggle against capitalism, the association demanded gender and wage equality, the right of divorce for women, the right to secular education, and professional education for girls. Defiantly, she vowed to never renounce the Commune, and dared the judges to sentence her to death. [125], Even a moderate daily newspaper like le Drapeau tricolore wrote, " even though we were to drown this uprising in blood, were we to bury it under the ruins of the burning city, there would be no room for compromise. ", The elections of 26 March elected a Commune council of 92 members, one for every 20,000 residents. Though their numbers were small, the Blanquists provided many of the most disciplined soldiers and several of the senior leaders of the Commune. These included: The decrees separated the church from the state, appropriated all church property to public property, and excluded the practice of religion from schools. In addition to the native French population, there were about 100,000 immigrant workers and political refugees, the largest number being from Italy and Poland. In 1871 France was deeply divided between the large rural, Catholic and conservative population of the French countryside and the more republican and radical cities of Paris, Marseille, Lyon and a few others. Januar 1871 unternahmen rund 90.000 Mann in drei Kolonnen unter dem Befehl Trochus einen letzten Durchbruchversuch nahe dem preußischen Hauptquartier westlich von Paris. "[6] In a new 1896 edition Lissagaray emphasized, "Twenty thousand men, women and children killed after the fighting in Paris and in the provinces. A separate and more formal trial was held beginning 7 August for the Commune leaders who survived and had been captured, including Théophile Ferré, who had signed the death warrant for the hostages, and the painter Gustave Courbet, who had proposed the destruction of the column in Place Vendôme. At the end, he wrote: "No one knows the exact number of victims of the Bloody Week. When the voting was finished, 233,000 Parisians had voted, out of 485,000 registered voters, or forty-eight percent. "[100], Between 1878 and 1880, a French historian and member of the Académie française, Maxime Du Camp, wrote Les Convulsions de Paris. The battalions of the National Guard were no match for the army; by midday on the 23rd the regular soldiers were at the top of Montmartre, and the tricolor flag was raised over the Solferino tower. The commissions in turn reported to an Executive Commission. Sources. Victorine Brocher, close to the IWA activists, and founder of a cooperative bakery in 1867, also fought during the Commune and the Bloody Week. "[13] A coup was attempted in early 1870, but tensions eased significantly after the plebiscite in May. 1.Introduction. The hands of captured prisoners were examined to see if they had fired weapons. More public buildings were set afire, including the Palais de Justice, the Prefecture de Police, the theatres of Châtelet and Porte-Saint-Martin, and the Church of Saint-Eustache. Dr. Nicki Lisa Cole is a sociologist. Commune de Paris, 1871 Yesterday at 2:56 AM Adieu braderie -60 -70 -80% DERNIERE SEMAINE - 19 rue commin ... es, Paris 03 du mardi au samedi 11h - 19h30 Courage & liberté . For example, in the 3rd arrondissement, school materials were provided free, three parochial schools were "laicised", and an orphanage was established. In early 1867, Parisian employers of bronze-workers attempted to de-unionise their workers. He was deeply offended by the rumours. Finally, on the extreme left, there were the radical republicans and socialists, a group that included Louis Blanc, Léon Gambetta and Georges Clemenceau. Gould, Roger V. "Multiple networks and mobilization in the Paris Commune, 1871. I come from Paris, and I do not know whom to speak to. Those killed during the "bloody week" and those executed as prisoners were buried in unmarked graves around the city. On 14 May, Rigault proposed to exchange 70 hostages for the extreme-left leader, and Thiers again refused. He recruited officers with military experience, particularly Polish officers who had fled to France in 1863, after Russians crushed the January Uprising; they played a prominent role in the last days of the Commune. Later in 1867, a public demonstration in Paris was answered by the dissolution of its executive committee and the leadership being fined. In Versailles, Thiers had estimated that he needed 150,000 men to recapture Paris, and that he had only about 20,000 reliable first-line soldiers, plus about 5,000 gendarmes. [35], Late on 18 March, when they learned that the regular army was leaving Paris, units of the National Guard moved quickly to take control of the city. Each cell operated independently and was unaware of the members of the other groups, communicating only with their leaders by code. 00:42. He noted, however, that "working-men, as a class, took no part in the proceedings. The Commune counts on you, count on the Commune![72]. [122]", This view is shared by French historian A. Plessis who writes that "the crushing of the communards [...] was ultimately to facilitate the advent of the Third Republic. Indeed, the Commune's vision of a communal France based on a federation of delegates bound by imperative mandates issued by their electors and subject to recall at any moment echoed Bakunin's and Proudhon's ideas (Proudhon, like Bakunin, had argued in favour of the 'implementation of the binding mandate' in 1848...and for federation of communes). Appel en vue d ela préparation du 150 ème anniversaire de la Commune en 2021. ("the democratic and social republic!"). Before General Cissey and the Versailles army could occupy the fort, the National Guard rushed reinforcements there and re-occupied all the positions. On 20 May, MacMahon's artillery batteries at Montretout, Mont-Valerian, Boulogne, Issy, and Vanves opened fire on the western neighbourhoods of the city—Auteuil, Passy, and the Trocadero—with shells falling close to l'Étoile. Women played an important role in both the initiation and the governance of the Commune, though women could not vote in the Commune elections and there were no elected women members of the Commune itself. They included "Louise Michel, the Reclus brothers, and Eugène Varlin (the latter executed in the repression afterwards). [129] A plaque and a church, Notre-Dame-des-Otages [fr] (Our Lady of the Hostages) on rue Haxo mark the place where fifty hostages, including priests, gendarmes and four civilians, were shot by a firing squad.[130]. [65] One of these officers was General Jaroslav Dombrowski, a former Imperial Russian Army officer, who was appointed commander of the Commune forces on the right bank of the Seine. Commune de Paris - Cologne 1871 ist ein beliebtes Parfum von Astier de Villatte für Damen und Herren und erschien im Jahr 2010. Ninety-five were sentenced to death; 251 to forced labour; 1,169 to deportation, usually to New Caledonia; 3,147 to simple deportation; 1,257 to solitary confinement; 1,305 to prison for more than a year; and 2,054 to prison for less than a year.[91]. [4] Jacques Rougerie, who had earlier accepted the 20,000 figure, wrote in 2014, "the number ten thousand victims seems today the most plausible; it remains an enormous number for the time. When the echoes of the last shots have ceased, it will take a great deal of gentleness to heal the million people suffering nightmares, those who have emerged, shivering from the fire and massacre.[110]. He travelled to Versailles, where Bismarck and the German Emperor were waiting, and on 24 February the armistice was signed. [2], The officers of the National Guard were elected by the soldiers, and their leadership qualities and military skills varied widely. Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow was (and still is) decorated with red banners from the Commune, brought to Moscow in 1924 by French communists. She was seized by regular soldiers and thrown into the trench in front of the barricade and left for dead. By 20 September 1870, the German army had surrounded Paris and was camped just 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) from the French front lines. Soon, the Council of the Commune voted, with strong opposition, for the creation of a Committee of Public Safety, modelled on the eponymous Committee that carried out the Reign of Terror (1793–94). On 8 October, several thousand soldiers from the National Guard, led by Eugène Varlin of the First International, marched to the centre chanting 'Long Live the Commune! [23], The national government in Bordeaux called for national elections at the end of January, held just ten days later on 8 February. Commune de Paris - Cologne 1871 Astier de Villatte 2010. On the advice of General Vinoy, Thiers ordered the evacuation to Versailles of all the regular forces in Paris, some 40,000 soldiers, including those in the fortresses around the city; the regrouping of all the army units in Versailles; and the departure of all government ministries from the city. "[103] He became the most vocal advocate of an amnesty for exiled Communards, finally granted in the 1880s. sizilianische … For the Paris Commune during the French Revolution, see, Negotiations with the Germans; continued war, Adolphe Thiers; parliamentary elections of 1871, Failed seizure attempt and government retreat, 23 May: Battle for Montmartre; burning of Tuileries Palace, 24 May: Burning of Hotel de Ville; executions of Communards, the archbishop and hostages, 26 May: Capture of Place de la Bastille; more executions, 27–28 May: Final battles; massacre at Père-Lachaise Cemetery, Academic dispute over Thiers' handling of the crisis. Commune of Paris, (1871), insurrection of Paris against the French government from March 18 to May 28, 1871. All I can say is that the insurgents lost a lot more people than we did." None of the other Communes lasted more than a few days, and most ended with little or no bloodshed. Cole, Nicki Lisa, Ph.D. (2020, August 27). ", but they also dispersed without incident. The Council decreed that religion should not be a part of schooling and that church property should be public property for all to use. The news arrived the same day of the failure of another attempt by the French army to break the siege of Paris at Bourget, with heavy losses. Lissagaray also claimed that the artillery fire by the French army was responsible for probably half of the fires that consumed the city during the Bloody Week. [64], Since every able-bodied man in Paris was obliged to be a member of the National Guard, the Commune on paper had an army of about 200,000 men on 6 May; the actual number was much lower, probably between 25,000 and 50,000 men. On 24 May, a delegation of national guardsmen and Gustave Genton, a member of the Committee of Public Safety, came to the new headquarters of the Commune at the city hall of the 11th arrondissment and demanded the immediate execution of the hostages held at the prison of La Roquette. The Commune was regarded with admiration and awe by later Communist and leftist leaders. The working class and immigrants suffered the most from the lack of industrial activity due to the war and the siege; they formed the bedrock of the Commune's popular support. They are not fighting with cannon shots, they are slaughtering each other with decrees."[62]. Delescluze moved his headquarters from the Hotel de Ville to the city hall of the 11th arrondissement. He thrice ordered them to fire, but the soldiers refused. Wenn auch nur für kurze Zeit, war sie ein doch wichtiger Bruch, den die Revolutionäre herbeizuführen wussten, um ihre eigene Ordnung zu errichten. The first effort to pull down the column failed, but at 5:30 in the afternoon the column broke from its base and shattered into three pieces. I wish that the same will happen to all the monuments of Paris. She offered to shoot Thiers, and suggested the destruction of Paris by way of vengeance for its surrender. The Commune governed Paris for two months, until it was suppressed by the regular French Army during "La semaine sanglante" ("The Bloody Week") beginning on 21 May 1871. (Commune (of Paris, 1871) the name given to the insurrection in Paris which lasted from March 18 to May 28 1871) found: Encyc. Émile Zola wrote, "Thus we citizens of Paris are placed between two terrible laws; the law of suspects brought back by the Commune and the law on rapid executions which will certainly be approved by the Assembly. Paris is not complaining about the shooting of the members of the Commune, but of innocent people. Because the Commune met on fewer than sixty days in all, only a few decrees were actually implemented. Die Niederschlagung der Pariser Kommune Am 18. Go and Fight! Dombrowski reported that the soldiers he had sent to defend the ramparts of the city between Point du Jour and Porte d'Auteuil had retreated to the city; he had only 4,000 soldiers left at la Muette, 2,000 at Neuilly, and 200 at Asnieres and Saint Ouen. Fires set at the Louvre, Palais-Royal and Notre-Dame were extinguished without causing significant damage. [80], Historian J.P.T. Some of the officers were disarmed and taken to the city hall of Montmartre, under the protection of Clemenceau. La Commune de Paris est une période insurrectionnelle de l'histoire de Paris qui dura un peu plus de deux mois, du 18 mars 1871 à la « Semaine sanglante » du 21 au 28 mai 1871. . The ministers and officials of the Bolshevik government were given the title Commissar, which was borrowed directly from the Commissaires of the Commune. In practice, many churches were closed, and many priests were arrested and held as hostages, in the hope of trading them for Blanqui, imprisoned in Brittany since 17 March.[47]. On the 18th of March, 1871 the working people of Paris, with the help of the Garde Nationale, established the Commune de Paris. Of these, 1,054 were women, and 615 were under the age of 16.
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