[6], So great was his reputation that princes and Popes sought his advice, and even the enemies of the Church admired the holiness of his life and the greatness of his writings. After the council, the bishop of Verdun was deposed. [19] The full text has not survived, but a contemporary account says that "his voice rang out across the meadow like a celestial organ"[19]. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. She, with the consent of her husband, soon took the veil in the Benedictine nunnery of Jully-les-Nonnains. There Bernard preached an immediate faith, in which the intercessor was the Virgin Mary. Anacletus died of "grief and disappointment" in 1138, and with him the schism ended. Abelard submitted without resistance, and he retired to Cluny to live under the protection of Peter the Venerable, where he died two years later. During an absence from Clairvaux, the Grand Prior of the Abbey of Cluny went to Clairvaux and enticed away Bernard's cousin, Robert of Châtillon. St. Bernard de Clairvaux Church is a medieval Spanish monastery cloister which was built in the town of Sacramenia in Segovia, Spain, in the 12th century but dismantled in the 20th century and shipped to New York City in the United States. For this, he was offered, and he refused, the archbishopric of Milan. Abelard sought a debate with Bernard, but Bernard initially declined, saying he did not feel matters of such importance should be settled by logical analyses. King Louis VI of France convened a national council of the French bishops at Étampes in 1130, and Bernard was chosen to judge between the rivals for pope. Though not yet 30 years old, Bernard was listened to with the greatest attention and respect, especially when he developed his thoughts upon the revival of the primitive spirit of regularity and fervour in all the monastic orders. After persuading Gerard, Bernard traveled to visit William X, Duke of Aquitaine. Clothe yourselves in sackcloth, but also cover yourselves with your impenetrable bucklers. from the translation of the late dr. eales. At the 800th anniversary of his death, Pope Pius XII issued an encyclical on Bernard, Doctor Mellifluus, in which he labeled him "The Last of the Fathers." This he did, but when the campaign continued, Bernard traveled from Flanders to Germany to deal with the problems in person. Bernard de Clairvaux (cunoscut și ca Sfântul Bernard, n. 1091, d. 21 august 1153, Clairvaux) a fost un călugăr și conte de Châtillon. In 1144 Eugene III commissioned Bernard to preach the Second Crusade[6] and granted the same indulgences for it which Pope Urban II had accorded to the First Crusade. [6], Bernard was instrumental in re-emphasizing the importance of lectio divina and contemplation on Scripture within the Cistercian order. The purpose of this council was to settle certain disputes of the bishops of Paris, and regulate other matters of the Church of France. Bernard's influence was soon felt in provincial affairs. Bernard died at age sixty-three on 20 August 1153, after forty years spent in the cloister. It contains the rules and laws for life within their chivalric military order. [18], There was at first virtually no popular enthusiasm for the crusade as there had been in 1095. [28] He was the first Cistercian monk placed on the calendar of saints and was canonized by Alexander III 18 January 1174. In June 1145, at the invitation of Cardinal Alberic of Ostia, Bernard traveled in southern France. He wrote at this time his sermons on the Song of Songs. Bernard of Clairvaux (Latin: Bernardus Claraevallensis; 1090 – 20 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard, was a Burgundian abbot, and a major leader in the revitalization of Benedictine monasticism through the nascent Order of Cistercians.. [5], In 1098 Robert of Molesme had founded Cîteaux Abbey, near Dijon, with the purpose of restoring the Rule of St Benedict in all its rigour. The enthusiasm of the assembly of Clermont in 1095, when Peter the Hermit and Urban II launched the first crusade, was matched by the holy fervor inspired by Bernard as he cried, "O ye who listen to me! In opposition to the rational approach to divine understanding that the scholastics adopted, Bernard preached an immediate faith, in which the intercessor was the Virgin Mary. Bernard of Clairvaux was one of the most interesting and influential people of his time. Bernard found it expedient to dwell upon taking the cross as a potent means of gaining absolution for sin and attaining grace. [c] Bernard led to the foundation of 163 monasteries in different parts of Europe. Bernard’s struggles with the flesh during this period may account for his early and rather consistent penchant for physical austerities. Bernard de clairvaux. [31], The Couvent et Basilique Saint-Bernard, a collection of buildings dating from the 12th, 17th and 19th centuries, is dedicated to Bernard and stands in his birthplace of Fontaine-lès-Dijon.[32]. Bernard z Clairvaux, Saint Bernard de Clairvaux, ברנר מקלרבו, ברנרד מקלרבו, ברנר מקלרוו, 베르나르두스, 클레르보의 베르나르도, 클레르보의 성 베르나르도, 클레르보의 베르나르두스, San Bernardo de Claraval, Bernardo de Fontaine, Bernardo, San Bernardo di … rolled over the fields, and was echoed by the voice of the orator: "Cursed be he who does not stain his sword with blood. He also preached against Catharism. The whole conflict ended when Anacletus died on 25 January 1138. [6] His father and all his brothers entered Clairvaux to pursue religious life, leaving only Humbeline, his sister, in the secular world. He hastened to terminate his worldly life and restore discipline in his monastery. A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation, Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae, representing the combined will of earth and heaven, https://books.google.com/books?id=kkoJAQAAIAAJ, List of Latin nicknames of the Middle Ages: Doctors in theology, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, patron saint archive, "Monuments historiques : Couvent et Basilique Saint-Bernard", "Sermon XIII: The Believers Concern, to pray for Faith", Audio on the life of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, Database with all known medieval representations of Bernard, "Here Followeth the Life of St. Bernard, the Mellifluous Doctor", "Two Accounts of the Early Career of St. Bernard", Saint Bernard of Clairvaux Abbot, Doctor of the Church-1153, Lewis E 26 De consideratione (On Consideration) at OPenn, MS 484/11 Super cantica canticorum at OPenn, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Rise of the Evangelical Church in Latin America, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_of_Clairvaux&oldid=996407825, Pre-Reformation saints of the Lutheran liturgical calendar, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 26 December 2020, at 12:18. In 1139, Bernard assisted at the Second Council of the Lateran. He is a Roman Catholic saint. Bernard invited William to the Mass which he celebrated in the Church of La Couldre. His sermons, from which there are many excerpts in the Breviary, are conspicuous for genuine emotion and spiritual unction. August 20, ... call upon Mary. The first to die was Suger in 1152, of whom Bernard wrote to Eugene III, "If there is any precious vase adorning the palace of the King of Kings it is the soul of the venerable Suger". Deputations of the bishops of Armenia solicited aid from the pope, and the King of France also sent ambassadors. During his youth, he did not escape trying temptations and around this time he thought of retiring from the world and living a life of solitude and prayer. Gerard of Clairvaux, Bernard's older brother, became the cellarer of Citeaux. Some of these, at the command of Innocent II, took possession of Tre Fontane Abbey, from which Eugene III was chosen in 1145. That was St. Bernard of Menthon, not the Cistercian reformer of the 12 th Century. In addition to these victories, Bernard also had his trials. Drawn as much by the fame of the monk as by the mandates of the king and the Pope, a vast assembly of prelates and nobles gathered at Vézelay in Burgundy. 1473. Leuven: Éditions de l’Institut supérieur de philosophie, Louvain-La-Neuve/Peeters, 2016. vii + 373 pp. Stones and trees will teach you that which you cannot learn from the masters. Although the councils of Étampes, Würzburg, Clermont, and Rheims all supported Innocent, large portions of the Christian world still supported Anacletus. In 1830 Pope Pius VIII bestowed upon Bernard the title "Doctor of the Church". He was an Abbot in the Cistercian order. At his death, they numbered 343. [10], In 1132, Bernard accompanied Innocent II into Italy, and at Cluny the pope abolished the dues which Clairvaux used to pay to that abbey. From that moment a strong friendship sprang up between the abbot and the bishop, who was professor of theology at Notre Dame of Paris, and the founder of the Abbey of St. Victor, Paris. It was here that his first writings evolved. "[18], Bernard then passed into Germany, and the reported miracles which multiplied almost at his every step undoubtedly contributed to the success of his mission. and the english monasteries” “the great … Returning to Molesme, he left the government of the new abbey to Alberic of Cîteaux, who died in the year 1109. Bernard is Dante Alighieri's last guide, in Divine Comedy, as he travels through the Empyrean. He is honored as a founder of the Cistercian order because of his role in popularizing the order in the twelfth century. [12] The council found in favour of Bernard and their judgment was confirmed by the pope. It was here, also, that he produced a small but complete treatise on Mariology (study of doctrines and dogmas concerning the Virgin Mary), “Praises of the Virgin Mother.” Bernard was to become a major champion of a moderate cult of the Virgin, though he did not support the notion of Mary’s Immaculate Conception. Malachy died at Clairvaux in 1148. Born of Burgundian landowning aristocracy, Bernard grew up in a family of five brothers and one sister. Bernard of Clairvaux (French saint, Cistercian abbot, and writer, 1090-1153) [citation needed], John Calvin quotes Bernard several times[22] in support of the doctrine of Sola Fide,[23] which Martin Luther described as the article upon which the church stands or falls. Bernard answered the letter by saying that, if he had assisted at the council, it was because he had been dragged to it by force, replying: Now illustrious Harmeric if you so wished, who would have been more capable of freeing me from the necessity of assisting at the council than yourself? In 1120, Bernard wrote his first work, De Gradibus Superbiae et Humilitatis, and his homilies which he entitled De Laudibus Mariae. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) was a French theologian. Bernard, informed of this by William of St-Thierry, is said to have held a meeting with Abelard intending to persuade him to amend his writings, during which Abelard repented and promised to do so. [4] William yielded and the schism ended. To many, St. Bernard is known as the Mellifluous … Bernard of Clairvaux, saint, ascetic, founder of numerous abbeys and crusade preacher, was a powerful man of the Church and a 12th century trailblazer. His success in his studies won the admiration of his teachers. The last years of Bernard's life were saddened by the failure of the crusaders, the entire responsibility for which was thrown upon him. Saint Bernard de Clairvaux “The Virgin’s name was Mary“, (Lk.1:27) which means ‘Star of the Sea.’This admirably befits the Virgin Mother. Ensemble officium presents a programme of Gregorian chant and early polyphony in celebration of this controversial saint. One time he restored the power of speech to an old man that he might confess his sins before he died. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Bernard had a great taste for literature and devoted himself for some time to poetry. [24] Calvin also quotes him in setting forth his doctrine of a forensic alien righteousness, or as it is commonly called imputed righteousness. Conrad III and his son Henry died the same year. He could claim a form of higher knowledge that is the complement and fruition of faith and that reaches completion in prayer and contemplation. The Library of the Cistercian Abbey of Clairvaux at the time of Pierre de Virey (1472) PART A – ESSENTIAL INFORMATION 1. Disciples flocked to it in great numbers and put themselves under the direction of Bernard. The need for healthy theological discussion in the Church. saint bernard abbot of clairvaux. Abelard's treatise on the Trinity had been condemned as heretical in 1121, and he was compelled to throw his own book into the fire. At the Eucharist, he "admonished the Duke not to despise God as he did His servants". "[27], Bernard's theology and Mariology continue to be of major importance, particularly within the Cistercian and Trappist orders. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Bernard praises it in his "De Laudibus Novae Militiae". He entered the Cîteaux community in 1112, and from then until 1115 he cultivated his spiritual and theological studies. Overview of St. Bernard of Clairvaux's life. This was the occasion of the longest and most emotional of Bernard's letters. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. There are many who believe that it was his championship of the Templars that made their survival possible. Around this time, he praised them in his Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae. Find books By 1119 the Cistercians had a charter approved by Pope Calixtus II for nine abbeys under the primacy of the abbot of Cîteaux. Deus vult! " His texts are prescribed readings in Cistercian congregations. [4] These include: Burgundian saint, abbot and theologian (1090-1153). author of “henry viii. There is not left one man to seven women, and everywhere there are widows to still-living husbands. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? Pope Innocent II died in the year 1143. St. Bernard's Parish Hall. 978-90-429-3132-9. The archbishop of Cologne and the archbishop of Mainz were vehemently opposed to these attacks and asked Bernard to denounce them. Early life and career At the age of 22, while Bernard was at prayer in a church, he felt the calling of God to enter the monastery of Cîteaux. He recalled the city of Milan to obedience to the pope as they had followed the deposed Anselm V, Archbishop of Milan. The influence of the Abbot of Clairvaux was soon felt in provincial affairs. Bernard had observed that when lectio divina was neglected monasticism suffered. Bernard expanded upon Anselm of Canterbury's role in transmuting the sacramentally ritual Christianity of the Early Middle Ages into a new, more personally held faith, with the life of Christ as a model and a new emphasis on the Virgin Mary. But an even greater show of support came from the common people. Malachy wanted to become a Cistercian, but the pope would not give his permission. [15] Henry of Lausanne's followers became known as Henricians. Bernard's "Prayer to the Shoulder Wound of Jesus" is often published in Catholic prayer books. It is said that his mother, Aleth, exerted a virtuous influence upon Bernard only second to what St. Monica had done for St. Augustine of Hippo in the 5th century. It was at this council that Bernard traced the outlines of the Rule of the Knights Templar who soon became the ideal of Christian nobility. Introduction and notes by F … Christians had been defeated at the Siege of Edessa and most of the county had fallen into the hands of the Seljuk Turks. Born in what is now considered France at Fontaines near Dijon in 1090 or 1091, his father, Tecelin or Tesselin, was a knight who died in the First Crusade, as well as a friend and vassal of the Duke of Burgundy. This Bernard named Claire Vallée, or Clairvaux, on 25 June 1115, and the names of Bernard and Clairvaux soon became inseparable. [6], The little community of reformed Benedictines at Cîteaux, which had so profound an influence on Western monasticism, grew rapidly. [13] He was buried at the Clairvaux Abbey, but after its dissolution in 1792 by the French revolutionary government, his remains were transferred to Troyes Cathedral. Temporal matters are merely accessories; the principles according to Bernard's work were that piety and meditation were to precede action. Bernard died at the age of 63, after 40 years as a monk. He was the first Cistercian placed on the calendar of saints, and was canonized by Pope Alexander III on 18 January 1174. [13] Bernard considered it his duty to send an apology to the Pope and it is inserted in the second part of his "Book of Considerations." Bernard set out to convince these other regions to rally behind Innocent. 12/26/2020 In accordance with provincial restrictions to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, all in-person Masses in the Archdiocese of Toronto are temporarily cancelled. He did not pledge allegiance to Innocent until 1135. Bernard's letter to the archbishop of Sens was seen as a real treatise, "De Officiis Episcoporum." The monastery, however, made rapid progress. In May of that year, the pope, supported by the army of Lothair III, entered Rome, but Lothair III, feeling himself too weak to resist the partisans of Anacletus, retired beyond the Alps, and Innocent sought refuge in Pisa in September 1133. [7] Bernard's testimony was so irresistible that 30 of his friends, brothers, and relatives followed him into the monastic life. Alert. [4], In the year 1128 AD, Bernard participated in the Council of Troyes, which had been convoked by Pope Honorius II, and was presided over by Cardinal Matthew of Albano. His influence led Alexander III to launch reforms that led to the establishment of canon law. All Public Masses in the Archdiocese of Toronto Are Temporarily Cancelled. Religious even of the other orders, flocked there. Cistercians honour him as the founder of the order because of the widespread activity which he gave to the order.[13]. Four brothers, an uncle, two cousins, an architect, and two seasoned monks under the leadership of Bernard endured extreme deprivations for well over a decade before Clairvaux was self-sufficient. In 1115 Harding appointed him to lead a small group of monks to establish a monastery at Clairvaux, on the borders of Burgundy and Champagne. [4], In 1139, Bernard assisted at the Second Council of the Lateran, in which the surviving adherents of the schism were definitively condemned. Bernard's parents were Tescelin de Fontaine, lord of Fontaine-lès-Dijon, and Alèthe de Montbard [fr], both members of the highest nobility of Burgundy. The familial atmosphere engendered in him a deep respect for mercy, justice, and loyal affection for others. Bernard went again to Italy, where Roger II of Sicily was endeavouring to withdraw the Pisans from their allegiance to Innocent. Illustrious persons were buried at Clairvaux in the livery of the poor of Christ, among them Henry of France, brother of King Louis VII; Alexander of Cologne, who was later one of the successors of St. Bernard of Clairvaux; Henry Murdach who became Abbot of Vauclair and later Archbishop of York; Philip, Archdeacon of Liège, etc. He was accused of being a monk who meddled with matters that did not concern him. Pope Benedict XVI. Henry of Lausanne, a former Cluniac monk, had adopted the teachings of the Petrobrusians, followers of Peter of Bruys and spread them in a modified form after Peter's death. [4], The beginnings of Clairvaux Abbey were trying and painful. St Bernard of Clairvaux and Peter Abelard. At the General Audience on Wednesday, 4 November [2009], in St Peter's Square, the Holy Father spoke of the theological controversy between St Bernard of Clairvaux and Peter Abelard and of what we can learn from it today. St. Bernard of Clairvaux, (born 1090, probably Fontaine-les-Dijon, near Dijon, Burgundy [France]—died August 20, 1153, Clairvaux, Champagne; canonized January 18, 1174; feast day August 20), Cistercian monk and mystic, founder and abbot of the abbey of Clairvaux and one of the most influential churchmen of his time. Bernard of Clairvaux on the Life of the Mind, John R. Sommerfeldt, Newman Press (2004) ISBN 0809142031 ISBN 9780809142033, p. 67 „I rejoiced so greatly when I heard of your answer in the case of some who seemed to be filled with extravagant ambition Having previously helped end the schism within the church, Bernard was now called upon to combat heresy. He subsequently denounced the teachings of Peter Abelard to the pope, who called a council at Sens in 1141 to settle the matter. Leclercq"S, . Bernard of Clairvaux quotes Pope Honorius delegated Bernard to preach throughout France and Germany the renewal of the holy war. On the death of Honorius II, which occurred on 14 February 1130, a schism broke out in the Church by the election of two popes, Pope Innocent II and Antipope Anacletus II. At the age of nine, he was sent to a school at Châtillon-sur-Seine run by the secular canons of Saint-Vorles. That dog breed did not receive its namesake from St. Bernard of Clairvaux. At the conference held at Palermo, Bernard succeeded in convincing Roger of the rights of Innocent II. He is often cited for saying that Mary Magdalene was the Apostle to the Apostles. [5], Bernard had occupied himself in sending bands of monks from his overcrowded monastery into Germany, Sweden, England, Ireland, Portugal, Switzerland, and Italy. [6] In 1113 Stephen Harding had just succeeded Alberic as third Abbot of Cîteaux when Bernard and thirty other young noblemen of Burgundy sought admission into the monastery. About the same time he wrote his work on Grace and Free Will. Towards the end of 1134, he made a second journey into Aquitaine, where William X had relapsed into schism. He had a special devotion to the Blessed Virgin, and there is no one who speaks more sublimely of the Queen of Heaven. Translated by P ierre-Y ves É mery. [17] Pope Eugenius came in person to France to encourage the enterprise. [4], In the year 1119, Bernard was present at the first general chapter of the order convoked by Stephen of Cîteaux. If thou art tossed by the waves of pride or ambition, detraction or envy, look to the star, call upon Mary. The zeal of Bernard extended to the bishops, the clergy, and lay people. In the first part, he proved himself innocent of the charges of Cluny and in the second he gave his reasons for his counterattacks. King and monk stood together, representing the combined will of earth and heaven. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Bernard was named a Doctor of the Church in 1830. Bernard de Clairvaux: Sermons Divers. [30] Dante's choice appears to be based on Bernard's contemplative mysticism, his devotion to Mary, and his reputation for eloquence. St. Bernard of Clairvaux, (born 1090, probably Fontaine-les-Dijon, near Dijon, Burgundy [France]—died August 20, 1153, Clairvaux, Champagne; canonized January 18, 1174; feast day August 20), Cistercian monk and mystic, founder and abbot of the abbey of Clairvaux and one of the most influential churchmen of his time. Bernard's entry at Catholic Encyclopedia This page … The central elements of Bernard's Mariology are how he explained the virginity of Mary, the "Star of the Sea", and her role as Mediatrix. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153) was a French abbot, confessor, saint, and Doctor of the Church. St. Bernard: De Maria numquam satis. Bernard did not reject human philosophy which is genuine philosophy, which leads to God; he differentiates between different kinds of knowledge, the highest being theological. During the absence of the Bishop of Langres, Bernard was blessed as abbot by William of Champeaux, Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne, who saw in him the predestined man, servum Dei. [17] The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states were threatened with similar disaster. Saouma, Brigitte. Omissions? Cardinal Harmeric, on behalf of the pope, wrote Bernard a sharp letter of remonstrance stating, "It is not fitting that noisy and troublesome frogs should come out of their marshes to trouble the Holy See and the cardinals."[4]. L’Amour de Dieu et La Grâce et le Libre Arbitre | Bernard de Clairvaux | download | B–OK. Bernard considered lectio divina and contemplation guided by the Holy Spirit the keys to nourishing Christian spirituality. Biografie. The movement found an ardent and powerful advocate in Peter Abelard. He was the hardest for Bernard to convince. After that, Bernard spent most of his time in Italy persuading the Italians to pledge allegiance to Innocent. Bernard et la théologie monastiqudeu XII siècle,"in Growing up my family had a St. Bernard dog. Innocent II, having been banished from Rome by Anacletus, took refuge in France. He takes his name from a monastery he founded … Meanwhile, as Bernard’s health worsened, his spirituality deepened. [16] His preaching, aided by his ascetic looks and simple attire, helped doom the new sects. About the same time, Bernard was visited at Clairvaux by Malachy, Primate of All Ireland, and a very close friendship formed between them. [b] In 1137, he was again forced to leave his solitude by order of the pope to put an end to the quarrel between Lothair and Roger of Sicily. At the solicitation of William of St. Thierry, Bernard defended the order by publishing his Apology which was divided into two parts. The regimen was so austere that Bernard became ill, and only the influence of his friend William of Champeaux and the authority of the general chapter could make him mitigate the austerities. This Bernard named Claire Vallée, of Clairvaux, on the 25th of June, 1115, and the names of Bernard and Clairvaux thence became inseparable. The death of his contemporaries served as a warning to Bernard of his own approaching end. It was eventually reassembled at 16711 West Dixie Highway, North Miami Beach, Florida, where it is now an Episcopal church and tourist attraction called Ancient Spanish … He defended the rights of the Church against the encroachments of kings and princes, and recalled to their duty Henry Archbishop of Sens , and Stephen de Senlis, Bishop of Paris . The passing of Pope Eugenius had struck the fatal blow by taking from him one whom he considered his greatest friend and consoler. In a letter to the people of Toulouse, undoubtedly written at the end of 1146, Bernard calls upon them to extirpate the last remnants of the heresy. The reputation of his holiness soon attracted 130 new monks, including his own father. Updates? [8] In 1118 Trois-Fontaines Abbey was founded in the diocese of Châlons; in 1119 Fontenay Abbey in the Diocese of Autun; and in 1121 Foigny Abbey near Vervins, in the diocese of Laon. He was plagued most of his life by impaired health, which took the form of anemia, migraine, gastritis, hypertension, and an atrophied sense of taste. In the meantime Cluny established a reform, and Abbot Suger, the minister of Louis VI of France, was converted by the Apology of Bernard. Bernard was only nineteen years of age when his mother died. The bishops made Bernard secretary of the council, and charged him with drawing up the synodal statutes. Another time, while he slept in an inn, a prostitute was introduced naked beside him, and he saved his chastity by running. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Bernard-of-Clairvaux, The Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography of Saint Bernard of Menthon, Eternal Word Television Network - Biography of Staint Bernard of Clairvaux, The Catholic Encyclopedia - St. Bernard of Clairvaux, Franciscan Media - Biography of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Bernard of Clairvaux - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). James Meeker Ludlow describes the scene romantically in his book The Age of the Crusades: A large platform was erected on a hill outside the city. He preached at the Council of Vézelay (1146) to recruit for the Second Crusade. abbot president of the english benedictine congregation . Another time, an immense number of flies, that had infested the Church of Foigny, died instantly after the excommunication he made on them.
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